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Rolf Albern: Biodegradability

2010-02-20T06:25:00.004+01:00

Biodegradable means being able to be broken down into more basic components by fungi, bacteria or other simple organisms. Most chemicals are biodegradable but it takes different amount of time to break down, for example a piece of bread will break down rather quickly, and a piece of plastic will take decades and beyond.

Germany

2010-02-20T06:25:00.003+01:00

The north of Germany borders upon the Baltic Sea on the one hand and the North Sea on the other hand. Two of the most famous German islands are Sylt and Rügen. Whereas Sylt is situated in the North Sea and above all famous for its rough nature, its fancy restaurants as well as its high density of German celebrities, Rügen which is the largest German island, is situated in the Baltic Sea and famous for its chalk cliffs as well as its sea resorts. Germany´s northern part with its coast and its picturesque Hanseatic towns such as Lübeck, Wismar and Stralsund definitely belongs to the most popular tourist destinations within the country.

Medical Tradeshows - Rolf Albern

2010-02-20T06:25:00.001+01:00

The world's largest medical trade fair is the MEDICA in Dusseldorf, where each year about six hundred speakers introduce the latest medical knowledge of their discipline and some three hundred suppliers present their latest discoveries and developments. Outpatient as well as inpatient technological tools up to new digital processes of health care are presented in Dusseldorf. So, all in all the entire modern achievements of world medicine are showcased there.

For manufacturers of medical products the MEDTEC Europe is the most important one of all trade fairs on the European continent. It provides its visitors comprehensive information on the current range of products and services in the field of development and manufacturing of medical devices. At the MEDTEC Europe manufacturers are given the possibility to order the latest medical equipment as well as individual components.

Medical Trade Shows in North America , Europe, Australia, Asia, in Central and South America and in Africa and the Middle East

Interactive Whiteboards

2010-02-19T23:53:00.000+01:00

By default, whiteboards are suitable for free drawing and writing as well as for the integration of images. Where appropriate, animations or applets can be integrated into the panel. For storage, the panels usually have the choice between the software's format or the export to popular formats such as PDF or HTML. Also, all other computer applications can be operated from the board, but to do so is just recommended for software that does not mandatory require submissions in typescript. Indeed, in such cases manufacturers usually offer a virtual keyboard, but this is not suitable not for long passages of text or columns of numbers. Some manufacturers also offer an automatic and / or subsequent handwriting recognition. But in practice this does not work with all programs as good as it should.

Denmark

2010-02-19T23:50:00.002+01:00

The kingdom of Denmark consists of Denmark, the Faroe Islands, Greenland and has a combined population of over five and a half million people. Denmark itself has a population of just under five and a half million people. The southernmost Nordic countries, located east of the UK, north of Germany, south of Norway and southwest of Sweden, Denmark is a fascinating country rich in history with many amazing sites.

After Sweden, Denmark is the second most visited destination in Scandinavia and, after Iceland, Denmark is the second most peaceful country in the world. But, in terms of income equality, Denmark comes in first place. In fact, Denmark has a long list of firsts. It was the first country in the world to implement an environmental law, ranks in first in the European pensions barometer and according to studies such as those conducted by Adrian White, an analytic social psychologist at the University of Leicester and Ronald Inglehart, a political scientist at the University of Michigan's Institute for Social Research, Denmark is the happiest country in the world.

Online Degrees in Liberal Arts

2010-02-19T23:49:00.000+01:00

Associate of Arts in Liberal Arts at Saint Leo University
An Associate of Arts in Liberal Arts can provide the basis for career advancement or for further study at the bachelor's degree level. This program trains students to write effectively and think analytically while also allowing them to explore the nature of the various liberal arts fields of study. Students enrich their existing knowledge of the world and develop a broader framework for understanding social change in a global context. Saint Leo University is accredited by the Commission on Colleges of the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools.

Saint Joseph's College of Maine
Saint Joseph's College of Maine's Division of Graduate & Professional Studies provides a quality college education for working adults who seek an alternative to traditional on-campus study. Saint Joseph's College offers a Bachelor of Arts in Liberal Studies: The Liberal Studies degree is an interdisciplinary degree distance learning program consisting of an integrated core curriculum in the arts and sciences. Students are encouraged to make intellectual, aesthetic and spiritual connections among the many dimensions of their lives. The capstone courses for the core curriculum and specializations prepare the student for lifelong learning made more exciting and rewarding by the personal growth experienced in this distance learning program. Saint Joseph's College is accredited by the New England Association of Schools and Colleges.

3D CAD Data Repair

2009-07-21T22:32:00.001+02:00

3D CAD data can be defined as the electronic file information used by 3D CAD and CAM manufacturing programs. 3D CAD programs are used to develop various kinds of mechanical parts and assemblies within a simulated "real world" environment, the files from which can then be "exported" or "translated" into other formats for the purposes of evaluating, prototyping or manufacturing the actual product. While the part or product designs are being managed within the native 3D CAD file format by the designer or author, the data is deemed "flexible" or "editable" which means that changes to part or product geometry can be easily made. The CAM programs used to physically make parts designed in 3D CAD programs often require file exchange formats that render data into a "fixed" or "un-editable" state. The most common 3D CAD data file exchange formats include IGES, STEP, and STL which can be used in a number of different manufacturing processes and 3D CAD / CAM programs. In certain cases the file export or translation process can result in errors usually on the receiving end of such data. These errors can often be visibly seen by the reviewer in the form of "voids" or apparent surface irregularities on the parts being evaluated. Read More

3D CAD Modeling

2009-06-07T20:24:00.001+02:00

Three dimensional (3D) CAD (computer-aided-design) models have enabled major productivity gains in product design and engineering. Prior to the advent of economical desktop computers skilled draftsmen spent hours laboring with graphite lead pencils on velum and Mylar to achieve engineering quality documentation for fabrication and production manufacturing. The process required tedious checking to eliminate errors wherein modification required erasures and redrawing over and over on the same sheet. Large projects had many drawing documents linked to one another that required procedural revisions and archiving.

Two dimensional (2D) CAD (computer-aided-design) was a great step forward in moving from the drafting table to the desktop computer. The graphical display capabilities of the desktop computer enabled a user to graphically draft using mouse, keyboard strokes, text line commands, and tablet with stylus. Each CAD system had its own (UI) User Interface. While manual drafting may have actually been faster in the early years, two dimensional (2D) CAD (computer-aided-design) technologies allowed endless changes to be made with sharp clean printed copies printed without limitation. It was easy to export the CAD drawings in PDF format for viewing and printing on any non-licensed computer.

Three dimensional wire framing was the next step in CAD wherein two dimensional (2D) sections was given depth to extrude, sections were revolved around an axis and swept along trajectories to create 3D forms. Surface modeling was another advancement wherein surface skins were created using typical wire framing three dimensional commands. Solid modeling was the biggest advancement in three dimensional (3D) CAD (computer-aided-design). Solid models could be created using similar commands from surface modeling and wire framing but the result was that the model took on mass properties useful for analysis, sectioning, and Boolean operations of merging for adding, subtracting, and merging.

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Rapid Prototyping

2009-06-07T20:21:00.000+02:00

One of the most powerful advantages associated with CAD modeling is the ability to create physical 3D prototypes of the design using the actual CAD model data itself. These prototypes can be used to evaluate the shape of the product for aesthetics or ergonomics, testing and verifying component performance, and to ensure part fits and function before committing to production tooling, such as injection molds and die casting dies.

The prototypes can be produced quickly and inexpensively, usually within a few days and for a few hundred dollars, more or less depending on the size of the parts and the number needed. And because they are made directly from the CAD models themselves, any design mistakes made, such as interference between parts or omitted features, can be corrected in the CAD model. Then a new set of prototypes can be produced to verify the corrections.

It is not uncommon to use several prototype "builds" during the development process to evaluate the design at different stages. For example, non-functional industrial design models may be used for trade show demonstrations or marketing research to define shapes and colors. Later, functional models can provide test data to verify mechanical design. Finally, the CAD files can be released for injection molding or die casting with only small adjustments required for overall part qualification.

In general, prototypes are made in either plastic or metal, with plastic being used much more often due to lower cost and the comparable similarities with injection molded parts. The plastics used are either liquid photopolymer, powdered thermoplastics, or extruded thermoplastic filament depending on the process. The metals used are very fine metal powders, and include copper alloys, stainless steels and others. For die cast part verification, either process can be used to verify dimensional accuracy, and plating is available to give some plastics the look and feel of metal.

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Die Casting

2008-04-05T18:02:00.003+02:00

Conceptually, die casting is a manufacturing process and requires articulate calculations to create the required outputs. This process injects liquid material into different molds to solidify the mold The amalgamation results in different fabricated parts The primal benefit of casting process allows manufactures to create specific parts that are not economically feasible to create on the general assembly line. Million of parts that are made via die casting process could not have been achieved otherwise since the cost of producing certain items are not economical or even production possible.

any form of casting is a labor intensive process that requires a specific skill set. all processes from temperature building, quantity and quality of the liquid to be injected, form and shape of the mold, to the coolness technique of the output products all require specific skill sets. Without an accomplished team, it become very difficult for die casting manufactures to delivery quality products.

Die casting is a similar process in which molten metal is put under high pressure into the cavities of steel molds. The molds are called dies. The dies also come in different shapes and varieties in properties. Die casting process is heavily used in the automotive industry to create different body parts

"The earliest examples of die casting by pressure injection - as opposed to casting by gravity pressure - occurred in the mid-1800s. A patent was awarded to Sturges in 1849 for the first manually operated machine for casting printing type."(Brydson 31) The process was limited to printer's type for the next 20 years, but development of other shapes began to increase toward the end of the century. By 1892, commercial applications included parts for phonographs and cash registers, and mass production of many types of parts began in the early 1900s.

"The first die casting alloys were various compositions of tin and lead, but their use declined with the introduction of zinc and aluminum alloys in 1914."(Brydson 47) Magnesium and copper alloys quickly followed, and by the 1930s, many of the modern alloys still in use today became available.

The die casting process has evolved from the original low-pressure injection method to techniques including high-pressure casting -- at forces exceeding 4500 pounds per square inch -- squeeze casting and semi-solid die casting These modern processes are capable of producing high integrity, near net-shape castings with excellent surface finishes.

There are several benefits of using lubricant in the process. The lubricant both helps control the temperature of the die and it also assists in the removal of the casting Effective lubricant can be the differentiator factor of average versus customer centric products. Molten metal is then injected into the die under high pressure. "The high pressure assures a casting as precise and as smooth as the mold. This stage requires extreme caution in regarding to the pressure and checking of any defects in the mold. Once the cavity is filled then the pressure is maintained until the casting has become solid. (Bralla16)

There are also different ways of cooling the mold water cooling being one of them. It typically takes a lengthy amount of time to cool down the molds if left simply to nature In order to expedite the end product, different cooling techniques are used. Finally, the die is opened and the casting is ejected. This is the entire process of the die casting procedures.

The clamping efficiency defines the quality of the machines that are used in the die casting manufacturing process. Typical sizes of the die casting machines range from 100 to 4,000 tons. along with the massive weights also comes a gigantic size associated with the machines "Majority of the machines can be as large as regular home sizes in any city of the world. Irrespective of size, there are primarily two types of categories of die casting machinery"(DeGarmo 19) One is the hot chamber machines for zinc, magnesium and lower melting-point metals and the other is the cold chamber machines for aluminum and higher melting-point metals a die casting machine automatically opens and closes the mold and injects the liquid metal, all under high pressure and as rapidly as possible, in the case of zinc up to several hundred times an hour. This time line is also dependent upon the machinery features and the vendor. Extensive research and work has taken place to hone the die casting manufacturing machine features and make it more simple and cost effective both in terms of pricing and productivity.

Here are several key milestones that all die manufactures are looking anxiously to reduce. Time to produce the end product, minimize quantity of goods used in the entire process and enhance the overall skill set of individuals are all the key elements that need improvement. "The anticipated reduction is approximately 30% - 40%, but the overall reduction is around 20% and that too in the human resource department Engineers are now being trained on specialized avenues in die casting which helps in reducing the overall human resources required."(DeGarmo 27)...

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Molding silicone rubber - manufacturing processes for high volume and mass production of silicone rubber parts and products

2007-11-18T02:44:00.000+01:00

Silicone rubber is a unique synthetic elastomer that is made from a cross-linked polymer which is reinforced with silica. Some if characteristics include: stability at both high and low temperatures, no taste or smell, translucent and hence easy to color, wide hardness range, chemically resistant, weather resistant, high level of sealing performance, electrical properties and resistant to compression. There are four main molding methods: liquid injection molding, compression molding, transfer molding and extruding (or "extrusion" / "extrusion molding") (Dow Corning, 2007).

Similar molders are used in all of these processes. Preforms are rough pieces of unvulcanized rubber that are placed in the compression mould, the cylinder of the injection molding machine, or in the pot of the transfer mould. Strip preforms are especially suited to injection molding. For injection and transfer molding, preforms can be of any shape that is convenient for feeding the injection cylinder or transfer pot. Transfer molding offers several advantages over other methods by providing: shorter production cycle, maintains closer dimensional tolerances than compression molding, provides uniformity and fast mold setup although non of the processes are better than LIM for avoiding flash and eliminating the excess waste of material.

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This is an article written for Protosil.

What is the internet? (my first blog on blogger)

2007-11-17T21:20:00.000+01:00

The internet is a worldwide communications network, connecting millions of computers, publicly accessible by a globally interconnected collection of computer networks that transmit data by packet switching using the standard Internet Protocol (IP). The Internet (not to be confused with "The World Wide Web," which is simply a system of interconnected, hypertext documents and resources which may contain text, images, videos, and other multimedia accessed via the Internet through the use of a web browser or ftp client) is a collection of interconnected computer networks, linked by copper wires, fiber-optic cables, wireless connections and so on. The World Wide Web is one of the services accessible via the internet. Others include email and file sharing.

Today the majority of the world is linked to the latest news, endlessly expanding information, a diverse array of open source content management and communication tools which are becoming increasingly sophisticated as well as numerous services, all accessible from the privacy of there own homes. One can say that the internet is doing for the world what roads did for the Roman Empire. There is a vast difference between roads and the internet. There is no central authority that controls the internet.

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